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If you're preparing for the TOPIK, or just any sort of Korean test, then this series is for you. In my "Korean Test Practice" series you can practice a variety of questions ranging from Beginner to Advanced. This week's question is for Beginner level learners.

This is the 32nd episode of this series, so if you're advanced level and you'd like to challenge yourself, why not try practicing all 32 of them in a row?

Here is the listening example:

어, 철수야 어디야? 나? 난 1시간 전에 왔는데? 너 지금 어딘데? 4번 출구? 나도 4번 출구 맞는데? 잠깐만. 나 지금 계단 위로 올라왔는데도 너 안 보여. 뭐? 4번 출구에 올라가는 계단이 없다고? 아니야, 여기 구빌리역 맞아. 신빌리역? 어, 미안. 난 구빌리역에서 만나기로 한 줄 알았어. 알았어. 그럼 우리 중간에서 보자. 신빌리역 2번 출구에서 쭉 가다 보면 구빌리역 4번 출구 나오니까. 거기 중간에 유명한 보쌈집 있어. 거기서 저녁 먹는 걸로 하자. 응. 나도 지금 그쪽으로 갈게. 알았어~. 조금 있다가 봐.

Here is the English translation:

Yeah, Chul-soo, where are you? Me? I came here an hour ago. Where are you? Exit 4? I’m also at exit 4. Wait. I’m at the top of the stairs now but I don’t see you. What? There are no stairs going up at exit 4? No, this is Old Billy Station. New Billy Station? Oh, sorry. I thought we decided to meet at Old Billy Station. Okay. Then let’s meet in the middle. If you keep going from New Billy Station exit 2, you’ll find Old Billy Station exit 4. There’s a famous bossam restaurant in the middle of there. Let’s eat dinner there. Yeah. I’ll go there now too. Okay. See you in a bit!

The post Korean Test Practice with Billy [Ep. 32] – Beginner Korean (Listening Practice) appeared first on Learn Korean with GO! Billy Korean.

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University Living is a global student housing marketplace that helps international students find the best place to stay near university campuses around the world. Currently, the platform offers 1 Mn beds in 15K properties across 203 international education hubs in the UK, USA, Canada, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea, and UAE. Students can consult a 24/7 support team of accommodation experts to discover, compare and book value-for money accommodation based on their budget, desired location, and other personal preferences. All properties featured on the website have been verified either by us or our partners to ensure a 100% safe student living experience.

Started in January, 2015 by two former roommates with twenty years of industry experience between them, the AI and ML enabled platform has grown to assist 1,50,000 students across 900 universities in five years. Winning the Economic Times' Power of Ideas was the highlight of a truly spectacular debut year. In 2016, we kept that momentum going as one of the Ten Best Start-Ups rewarded by IIIT-Delhi, won the BigB Plan organized by Espark-Viridian Accelerator in association with Headstart Network Foundation, and were officially recognized by Startup India. The following year, the founders, Saurabh Arora and Mayank Maheshwari, were featured on CNBC Tie the Knot as future industry leaders.
In May 2018, we launched a brand new website to offer a superior, customised, and seamless user journey. Two months later, we secured pre-Series A funding led by IAN (Indian Angel Network) and LetsVenture. This newly raised capital was used for technological advancements, market expansion, and talent recruitment.

2019 has been University Living’s biggest year yet. The platform’s 3000X growth story was featured in Business Standard. The organisation also grabbed headlines in other leading publications, including India Today, The Asian Age, The Financial Express, BW People, The Tribune, Quartz India, E27, to name a few. Besides, the organisation appeared on the Top 10 Start-Ups to Watch for in 2019 list by CEO Insights magazines and won the Best Company for Student Accommodation at the Global Leaders Awards 2019 powered by Times Now. Most recently, the platform has rolled out a new version of the website with an integrated payment gateway and improved UI/UX for an elevated user experience.

 

I neglected my website here in the second half of 2021. Sorry. I was really busy rushing three articles into submission before the end of the year. Two got accepted, at:

Foreign Affairs (with a friend), on US alliances and the ostensible damage Trump did to them, which actually didn’t happen, because no US ally bolted or even hedged the US, because they’re just unwilling to absorb the domestic adjustment costs of really de-linking from the US even if Trump is a total jerk to them,

Korean Observer, on North Korea sanctions and why they are a good idea even though everyone hates them apparently at the conferences in South Korea.

These are scheduled for publication in the Q1 and Q2 journal volumes respectively. I’ll post the original, pre-edited versions so that my/full ideas are out there, but probably not till after the published version has been out for awhile.

On this site, I will try to start posting more, with links to my op-eds and other writings. I will also update the ‘What I am Reading’ section to keep better track of what I think readers ought to read themselves.

I started writing for 1945.com last month, so a lot of these posts will be of the short essays I write for them.

Finally, I find myself ‘micro-blogging’ at Twitter more than using this website. So please follow me there if you are interested in a more regular stream of my thoughts on northeast Asian security and US politics.

So my first piece for 1945, from a month ago, was on the ridiculous ‘end of war’ declaration idea floated by the Moon administration. Moon pushed hard for it last year, but nothing came of it, and it’s faded away. Why? Because no one what it was since it was not a treaty. Would it bind North Korea? Would Pyongyang stop its long history of provocations along the inter-Korean border if the US and SK signed it? Would NK cap its WMD programs or retrench the KPA from the DMZ? Of course not. So why would we sign it?

Anyway, here it is:

As South Korean President Moon Jae In enters the final months of his presidency, he has pushed hard for an ‘end of war declaration’ (EoW), ostensibly to conclude the legally unfinished Korean War (1950-53). There has been extensive discussion of this idea, including at thismagazine. ‘EoW declaration’ is a curious locution – in Korean too (종전선언) – because wars traditionally end with a treaty (also a different word in Korean – 조약). The Korean War was paused in mid-1953 by an armistice. That armistice has never been upgraded to a treaty. It is unclear if Moon’s declaration is supposed to replace that armistice, supplement it, be a ‘semi-treaty’ of some sort, or is just symbolic.

For the rest, go here, please.

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Pusan National University

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The Stupas and Stele for State Preceptor Wongak at Yeongguksa Temple. Temple History

Yeongguksa Temple is located in Yeongdong, Chungcheongbuk-do on the eastern slopes of Mt. Cheontaesan (715.2 m). Yeongguksa Temple dates back to the late Silla (57 B.C. – 668 A.D.) or early Unified Silla (668-935 A.D.). One theory states that the temple was first founded during the reign of King Jinpyeong of Silla (r. 579-632 A.D.), while another theory states that it was first constructed during the reign of King Munmu of Silla (r. 661-681 A.D.). Either way, it does seem like that it dates back to around this time period in Korean history.

Originally, the mountain where the temple is situated was first called Mt. Jiruksan; however, when the temple was headed by Uicheon (1055-1101), who popularized the Cheontae school of Buddhism at this time, the mountain had its name changed from Mt. Jiruksan to that of Mt. Cheontaesan.

Yeongguksa Temple was reconstructed during the 12th century by Wongak-guksa, who was also known as Deokso. And after King Gojong of Goryeo (r. 1213-1259) ordered that the pagoda, stupa, and Daeung-jeon Hall be rebuilt at the temple site, the temple changed its name to Gukcheongsa Temple.

The temple’s current name of Yeongguksa Temple, which means “Peaceful Country Temple” in English, was given by Gongmin of Goryeo (r. 1351-1374). After fleeing from the capital of Kaeseong after the Red Turban Invasions of Goryeo (1359-1360), King Gongmin of Goryeo fled to Yeongguksa Temple. While at Yeongguksa Temple, King Gongmin of Joseon offered prayers to the Buddha for the safekeeping of the people and the monarchy. After the Red Turban Invasions of Goryeo had been quelled, and as a thank you, Yeongguksa underwent several repairs.

The temple suffered great damage from a landslide that occurred in 1879; but gradually, the temple was rebuilt. Both the Daeung-jeon Hall and the three-story pagoda were repaired in 1934 by the monk Jubong, who was the head monk at the temple at this time.

While the current configuration of the temple is arranged from south to north, a recent excavation at the temple behind the Daeung-jeon Hall revealed that originally the temple site was aligned from east to west. In fact, it’s believed that the former temple site was located some one hundred metres up towards Mt. Cheontaesan and away from the current location of the main hall.

In total, Yeongguksa Temple is home to four Korean Treasures and one Natural Monument.

Temple Layout

As you first make your way up to the main temple courtyard at Yeongguksa Temple, you’ll pass by a stunning 31.4 metre tall ginkgo tree. This ginkgo tree is the Natural Monument at Yeongguksa Temple, and it’s believed to be about a thousand years old. And if you’re lucky enough to see this tree during the fall months, you’ll see this ancient tree’s leaves turn a beautiful yellow.

A little further up and to the left, you’ll now be standing squarely in front of the Manse-ru Pavilion. This two-story structure has an entry gate and stairs that will lead you up into the main temple courtyard at Yeongguksa Temple on the first floor. As for the second story of the structure, it’s simply left open for visitors to rest.

Straight ahead of you, as you now stand in the centre of the main temple courtyard, is the Daeung-jeon Hall. Fronting the Daeung-jeon Hall is the Three-Story Stone Pagoda of Yeongguksa Temple that’s Korean Treasure #533. This pagoda dates back to late Unified Silla (668-935 A.D.), when pagodas and statues became smaller and simpler in design (which this pagoda certainly is). More specifically, this pagoda was previously located at an different temple site. It was relocated to Yeongguksa Temple in 1942 by a monk named Jubong-josa. The body of the pagoda has a pair of stone relief doors on the east and west side of the structure, and the finial atop the pagoda has been well-preserved.

Behind the three-story stone pagoda is the temple’s compact Daeung-jeon Hall. The Daeung-jeon Hall was rebuilt in the late Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910), and rebuilt again in 1893 and 1934. The current Daeung-jeon Hall was last restored in 1980. The exterior walls are absent of the more traditional Shimu-do (Ox-Hering Murals) and the Palsang-do (The Eight Scenes from the Buddha’s Life Murals). Instead, the walls are plainly painted in the traditional dancheong colours, and there is an intricate network of multi-bracketed eaves. Stepping inside the Daeung-jeon Hall, you’ll find a main altar occupied by three smaller statues. In the centre rests an image of Seokgamoni-bul (The Historical Buddha). And this central image is joined to the left and right by Gwanseeum-bosal (The Bodhisattva of Compassion) and Jijang-bosal (The Bodhisattva of the Afterlife).

Stepping outside the Daeung-jeon Hall, and to your left, you’ll find the Geukrak-jeon Hall. The exterior walls to this temple shrine hall are adorned with Palsang-do (The Eight Scenes from the Buddha’s Life Murals). Stepping inside the Geukrak-jeon Hall, and under a wonderfully elaborate red canopy (datjib), you’ll find a triad of statues resting on the main altar. In the centre, and surrounded by a fiery mandorla, is Amita-bul (The Buddha of the Western Paradise). This central image, absent the fiery nimbus, are Gwanseeum-bosal and Daesaeji-bosal (The Bodhisattva of Wisdom and Power for Amita-bul). Rounding out the interior of the Geukrak-jeon Hall are murals dedicated to Jijang-bosal and a Banya Yongseon-do (Dragon Ship of Wisdom Mural), as well.

To the rear of both the Daeung-jeon Hall and the Geukrak-jeon Hall, and to the right, is the Samseong-gak Hall. The exterior walls to this shaman shrine hall are beautifully adorned with a mural dedicated to a male and female Sanshin (Mountain Spirit) to the right and a mural dedicated to Dokseong (The Lonely Saint) adorning the left exterior wall. Stepping inside the Samseong-gak Hall, you’ll find three paintings hanging on the main altar. In the centre hangs a mural dedicated to Chilseong (The Seven Stars), while to the left hangs a mural dedicated to Dokseong. Of the three, and to the right, the most interesting mural of the shaman triad inside the Samseong-gak Hall at Yeongguksa Temple is Sanshin mural. In particular, have a look at the swirling eyes of the tiger joining the Mountain Spirit in this mural. Interestingly, and once again, you’ll find a male and female Sanshin mural adorning the right interior wall of this shaman shrine hall.

To the left of the main temple courtyard, and where the trail forks in three, you’ll need to head down the middle one to see a collection of stupas and stele for which Yeongguksa Temple is famous. The first of these three is the Stele for State Preceptor Wongak at Yeongguksa Temple. The stele is divided into three parts: the turtle-shaped base, the body, and the capstone. The turtle-shaped base has a head shaped like a turtle, and its overall appearance is typical of the Goryeo-style. As for the body of the stele, it is missing the bottom part of it. As for the capstone, it’s adorned with engravings, clouds, and a dragon with the epitaph of “The Stele of State Preceptor Wongak” on it. The stele is believed to have been first erected in 1180.

Backing the Stele for State Preceptor Wongak at Yeongguksa Temple are a pair of stupas. Both are Chungcheongbuk-do Tangible Property. The first, the Ball-Shaped Monastic Stupa at Yeongguksa Temple, is believed to have been made some time in the late Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392) to the early Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910). This stupa stands 184 cm in height. Unfortunately, it’s unknown who this stupa is dedicated to. And behind this stupa stands the Stone Bell-Shaped Monastic Stupa of Yeongguksa Temple. Just like the previous temple, it’s unknown to whom this stupa belongs to, and it also dates back to the late Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392) to the early Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910). This stupa stands 190 cm in height.

The final Korean Treasure at Yeongguksa Temple is the Stupa of Yeongguksa Temple. This stupa is Korean Treasure #532. The stupa is located some two hundred metres south of the temple grounds. The stupa is octagonal in shape. The base is designed like a lotus petal. It’s body has a rectangular door engraved on it on just one side. And a lock is carved in relief on the side of the door. Rather beautifully, the roof stone has roof tiles designed in stone relief. It’s believed that the stupa was likely erected in 1180.

How To Get There

From the Yeongdong Train Station, there’s a bus stop once you exit the train station. From this bus stop, take Bus #125. After thirty-four stops, or one hour and two minutes, get off at the “Yeongguksa Stop.” From where the bus drops you off, you’ll need to walk twenty minutes, or 1.4 km, to get to the temple.

But if you’d rather take a taxi, you can simply grab a taxi from outside the Yeongdong Train Station. The taxi ride will take you fifty minutes over 26.5 km, and it’ll cost you 30,000 won (one way).

Overall Rating: 7.5/10

This little known temple in Chungcheongbuk-do is filled with history and stone monuments that testify to the antiquity of Yeongguksa Temple. Once you first enter the temple grounds and are greeted by the thousand year old ginkgo tree, it’s a beautiful introduction to what still awaits you. The temple is beautifully framed by Mt. Cheontaesan in the background. And the natural beauty is only matched by the handful of Korean Treasures that reside at Yeongguksa Temple. A beautiful temple with a beautiful past.

The one thousand year old ginkgo tree at the entry of the temple. The Manse-ru Pavilion. First entering the main courtyard at Yeongguksa Temple. The Daeung-jeon Hall and the Three-Story Stone Pagoda at Yeongguksa Temple. A closer look at the Three-Story Stone Pagoda of Yeongguksa Temple. The Geukrak-jeon Hall to the left of the Daeung-jeon Hall. A look inside the Geukrak-jeon Hall at the main altar. The Samseong-gak Hall. A look inside the Samseong-gak Hall. Chilseong (left), Sanshin (middle), female and male Sanshin (right). A closer look at the Sanshin (Mountain Spirit) mural. The Stele for State Preceptor Wongak at Yeongguksa Temple. A closer look. The Ball-Shaped Monastic Stupa at Yeongguksa Temple with the Stele for State Preceptor Wongak at Yeongguksa Temple behind it. And the Stone Bell-Shaped Monastic Stupa of Yeongguksa Temple. —

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With the rise and success of the K-Pop industry, you might be curious about what a Kpop idol is and what it takes to become one yourself. If you follow any Kpop stars already, you may have gained an idea of how someone can become an idol.

In this article, we will elaborate in as much detail as we can on what Korean idols are and how to become one in South Korea, so if that interests you, please keep reading!

What is a K-pop idol?

A K-pop idol is an artist in Korean pop music or the K-pop industry. These artists can either be a member of a K-pop group or be solo artists. They are usually under entertainment companies as trainees, undergoing intense training to improve how they sing and dance and speak a foreign language before becoming full-fledged idols.

Process of how to become a K-pop idol

In Hollywood, you can get so lucky you just get picked up on the street and can get a chance at stardom. On the other hand, it takes a lot more grit and practice than that in Korea. Of course, if you are exceptionally talented and lucky, a talent scout may come your way, but in most cases, there is a process everyone must follow. Even if scouted, you may only get to jump past the very first step.

Step 1: Audition

The first step is to audition for your chosen entertainment company. Usually, someone wishing to become a K-pop artist will join auditions for a company or multiple different companies – or possibly for all of them – and hopefully will get an offer to join at least one of the companies.

If they are Koreans in South Korea, they will probably join auditions in person. However, many entertainment companies will also hold global auditions, so one can also audition in person in their home country – just like what Lisa from the girl group Blackpink did in Thailand. Alternatively, it is also possible to sometimes audition online. The person auditioning may be as young as the age of 10 years old!

Step 2: Become a trainee

The second step revolves around the trainee system. Those who’ll make it past the audition usually will join a big entertainment company as K-pop trainees. Even if you train, it still does not guarantee a debut as an artist with the company, but it is a step towards it. While in training, the trainees will practice not only dancing and singing but also foreign languages like Japanese and English and interviewing skills and equivalent.

Some even still go to school while juggling their responsibilities as trainees along with other trainees. Throughout this period, the company will examine if the K-pop trainee fits any groups they will debut. Big Bang’s G-Dragon is an excellent example of how long a training period can be, as he was a trainee for 11 years. However, most idol hopefuls will get to debut sooner than that.

What to expect in the trainee process

While the Korean idol hopefuls are in training, they are expected to maintain the same polished image once they have debuted as a part of the group. They should hold at least basic etiquette and media training, but most importantly, stay out of trouble – namely, dating and drinking scandals. Although luckily for idols, the industry is changing to allow a little more freedom with dating in some regards. Just not right as they debut. There may also be some pressure to maintain a certain weight in some companies.

However, as rigorous as a trainee system may seem, trainees also get some freedoms. For one, it is still totally okay to have social media accounts and use them as they wish – of course, while keeping up with a positive image. They can also work in commercials and music videos, modeling gigs, and sometimes even act in dramas or movies while in training.

Step 3: Debut

The third step is to, of course, debut as Korean idols. The agency will choose among the trainees who they will place in a group and be ready to debut. Some will go on to become household names all around the world, like BTS and Blackpink. Sadly, some other idol groups may not have the fortune of becoming as successful. Some continue to exist for a long time despite a smaller fan base, such as U-KISS.

However, some others may disband, either quickly or after struggling for a while. Thankfully, for the idols who have come across such misfortune, they can attend survival TV shows to earn a second chance at stardom. Trainees who did not yet get a debut can also join those shows.

What is the life of an idol like?

As we touched upon above, Korean idols have been expected to maintain a clean image ever since their trainee times. This does not change once they debut. They may be scrutinized even more closely once they’ve become famous. However, the longer they are in the business, the more freedoms they earn.

Roles of K-pop idols in a group

Members of a Kpop group also have certain roles that they complete the group with. Here are some of them:

Leader

The most important one is the role of the leader, typically assigned to the member who is the eldest or at least has trained the longest—for example, Super Junior’s Leeteuk.

Vocalists

Then there is the main vocalist, of which there can be one or more. They usually get the most lines to sing in each song. There are also lead and sub-vocalists—for example, EXO’s Chen.

Rappers

Many Korean idol groups also have a rapper designated to the group. If there is more than one rapper, then the designation goes as main, lead, and sub in this case as well—for example, BEAST’s (now known as Highlight) former member, Junhyung.

Dancers

Of course, as idols focus on upbeat pop songs, many dancing is involved in performances. This means that there’s usually one main dancer; they will sing a little less than others but is in the front and center of each performance—for example, BTS’ J-Hope.

Visuals

A group also has a designated visual member, who is considered the most attractive and – or – the most popular member of the group, and therefore is also the face of the group—for example, Blackpink’s Jisoo.

Maknae

Lastly, each group has the youngest member, called maknae (막내). This doesn’t hold a special position within a performance, but they may get especially doted on during appearances. Some maknaes are labeled as visual maknae if they’re also attractive. One of the most famous maknae in K-pop is BTS’ Jungkook, the “golden maknae,” as he exhibits multiple talents, especially in dancing and singing.

What activities do idols have?

South Korean idols can get quite busy, especially during comebacks. Here are some of the usual happenings in an idol’s life.

Recording and promoting albums

Idols would record an EP, single, or album and shoot the jacket photos and music videos. On top of it, the single needs to be performed various times. There is a music show almost every day of the week, and one single gets promoted in each one for up to 6 weeks.

An idol or a group may then start performing another song right after those six weeks. Each promotional period usually culminates in winning an award or multiple ones at these music shows if audiences have liked the song enough.

Meeting with fans, interviews, and tours

While promoting their songs and albums, the South Korean idols will also meet with their fans and attend various shows and interviews. They may also film their shows through which the members can express their unique individual personalities and fans can feel closer than ever to their idols. And of course, popular K-pop idols will also go on tours whenever they have enough songs to showcase.

Personal life (Downtime)

However, in between these promotional periods, the busy idols do also get some downtime. They usually like to relax in the city or go on trips abroad. If one group member is about to release a solo album, the rest of the members may even get to enjoy an extended holiday.

South Korea’s fandom culture

Of course, K-pop fans play a significant part in the fame and success of a K-pop star. As talented as the Korean group might be if they do not have supportive fans and a strong fandom to support them, they may not succeed. This is why they often make time with their fans through fan meetings and signings and offer exclusive access to official fan clubs.

With the rise of social media, it has become easier than ever for idols to reach out and chat with their fans from all over the world. One of the most notable Korean group fandoms is Army, the fandom for BTS. Generally, the best Kpop groups are usually the same ones who have the strongest fan bases.

Becoming an official fan club member also pays off for the fans, as they usually get priority access to see their favorite group perform or rehearse. It is hard to find fans in another country as dedicated to their idols as South Korean people are, forming a unique celebrity culture in South Korea.

How much did you already know about K-pop groups and idols? Did this encourage you to follow your dream and find success as an idol in Korea? Global auditions might be held in your hometown! We’d also love to know which K-pop idols you are the biggest fan of in the comments!

The post Kpop idol – Life and career of the Korean music artists appeared first on 90 Day Korean®.

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A Picture of Master Doui, the Founder of the Gajisan Sect, from the Josa-jeon Hall at Seongnamsa Temple in Ulju, Ulsan.

The Gajisan sect was located out of Borimsa Temple in Jangheung, in present-day Jeollanam-do. The sect was first established during the reign of King Heonan of Silla (r. 857-861) by Master Doui. Master Doui’s family name was Wang. Doui’s father dreamed that a white rainbow entered into the sleeping chamber of where his mother was sleeping. His mother also had a dream. Her dream was of a saintly monk sitting down. After these two dreams, Doui’s mother became pregnant. And rather remarkably, which goes against everything we know about biology, Doui’s mother gave birth to him after thirty-nine months of pregnancy.

Master Doui would eventually become a monk and be called Myeongjeok. In 814 A.D., Doui traveled to Tang China (618–690, 705–907 A.D.), where he received his precepts at Baotan Temple in Guangzhou. Afterwards, he would travel on to Caoxi to pay respects to the Sixth Patriarch, Huineng (638-713 A.D.). It was here that he witnessed something extraordinary. As he approached Huineng’s body, the door to the shrine that he was housed in suddenly opened on its own. Master Doui then bowed three times. After he finished bowing, Master Doui came out of the shrine and the door then closed on its own.

The South and North Three-Story Stone Pagodas and Stone Lantern of Borimsa Temple, which are National Treasure #44.

Later, Master Doui would travel on to Jiangxi, where he visited Kaiyuan Temple. It was here that he met the monk Zhizang (735-814 A.D.). Zhizang said to Doui, after teaching him, “If it is not really this person, who would ever be capable of transmitting the dharma?” It was at this time that the monk changed his name from Myeongjeok to Doui. Doui would also visit Master Baizhang Huaihai (720-814 A.D.). It was here that the Chinese monk said to Master Doui, “The Chan [Seon/Zen] tradition of Jiangxi associates itself at last with a monk from Korea!”

Eventually, Master Doui returned to Silla. Unfortunately, the new form of Seon Buddhism wasn’t recognized and appreciated by the Silla people, so Doui retired to Jinjeonsa Temple. It was here that Master Doui would live for the next forty years until his death. But before dying, Master Doui transmitted the dharma to his disciple Chejing (804-880 A.D.). Chejing would found Borimsa Temple on Mt. Gajisan. And it was from Borimsa Temple that Master Doui’s teachings grew in popularity and the Gajisan sect was formed. Other temples like Unmunsa Temple in Cheongdo, Gyeongsangbuk-do were also a part of the Gajisan sect.

The Stupa of Seongnamsa Temple, which houses the earthly remains of Master Doui. The stupa is Korean Treasure #369. The Stupa of Master Bojo at Borimsa Temple, which houses the earth remains of Master Chejing. The stupa is Korean Treasure #157. —

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I already have several videos about the (으)니까 form on my channel, and it's a relatively simple form to find explanations about. But I hadn't made any single video covering it in detail before, so this Sunday's live stream fixes that.

The (으)니까 form, while simple, is often misused by learners due to the ways that it can and can't be used. I not only cover how you can use it and where you can't use it, but I also talk about the form's nuances in detail.

The post ~(으)니까 Form "Because" | Live Class Abridged appeared first on Learn Korean with GO! Billy Korean.

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The Outer Wall to Cheongryeonam Hermitage in Dalseong-gun, Daegu. Hermitage History

Cheongryeonam Hermitage, which means “Blue Lotus Hermitage” in English, is located to the east of the main temple, Namjijangsa Temple, in Dolseong, Daegu. Both the temple and the hermitage are situated to the south of Mt. Choijeongsan (905 m). Like Namjijangsa Temple, Cheongryeonam Hermitage was first constructed in 684 A.D. by the monk Yanggae. Both were built on the behest of King Sinmun of Silla (r. 681-692 A.D.). And like the neighbouring Namjijangsa Temple, Cheongryeonam Hermitage was completely destroyed by the invading Japanese during the Imjin War (1592-1598). In fact, and during the Imjin War, Cheongryeonam Hermitage was used as a training centre for monks that were led by the famed warrior monk Samyeong-daesa (1544-1610). This would help explain why it was destroyed by the Japanese at this time. Cheongryeonam Hermitage was later rebuilt several times over a period starting in 1653 and completed in 1714. In 1806, the hermitage was destroyed, once more, by fire. The current hermitage structures date back to 1808.

Hermitage Layout

Cheongryeonam Hermitage, which shouldn’t be confused with the hermitage of the same name at Beomeosa Temple in Busan, is located some two hundred metres to the east of Namjijangsa Temple through a beautiful lush forest trail. Past a hillside filled with picnic benches, and along the trail, you’ll finally arrive at the outskirts of the hermitage grounds. And the first thing to greet you, as you continue eastward towards the Sammun Gate, is a tall traditional stone fence that marks the boundary of the hermitage’s grounds.

Passing through the squeaky entry gate, which in fact has three entryways, you’ll be welcomed to the hermitage courtyard by an L-shaped main hall, which also acts as the monks’ dorms. The main altar inside the main hall is situated to the left. And the simplistic main altar is centred by a statue of Amita-bul (The Buddha of the Western Paradise). And this solitary statue is backed by a red mural inside a glass display case. The red painting consists of another triad centred by Amita-bul, once more, who is joined on either side by Gwanseeum-bosal (The Bodhisattva of Compassion) to the right and Daesaeji-bosal (The Bodhisattva of Wisdom and Power for Amita-bul) to the left.

To the right of the main hall, you’ll find a storage shed. In this area of the hermitage grounds, you’ll also find a biseok (stele). And to the left of the main hall, and just around the corner, is the hermitage’s garden.

To the rear of the main hall, and the true highlight to Cheongryeonam Hermitage, is the unpainted Samseong-gak Hall. This shaman shrine hall is surrounded on all sides by dense shrubbery and hydrangea bushes. On the front side of the Samseong-gak Hall, you’ll find four fading paintings dedicated to guardians. Stepping inside the Samseong-gak Hall, you’ll be greeted by a collection of Korea’s most popular shaman deities. Both the Sanshin (Mountain Spirit) and Dokseong (The Lonely Saint) are vibrant and new. And Sanshin is joined by a large tiger at his side. And the red mural dedicated to Chilseong (The Seven Stars) is new and vibrant, as well. And these three paintings are joined on the far right wall by an older Shinjung Taenghwa (Guardian Mural). Also, and if you look close enough across the low-lying ceiling beam, you’ll find two beautiful, blue dragon murals.

How To Get There

From the Daegu train station, you’ll need to walk about fifteen minutes, or nine hundred and thirty metres, to get to the Chilseong market bus stop. The bus stop is located out in front of an NH Bank. Take the Gachang-2 bus. After fifty stops, or one hour, get off at the Urokri stop. This is the last stop of the bus route. After getting off at this stop, you’ll need to walk 2.7 km, or forty-one minutes, to get to the hermitage. When you finally arrive at Namjijangsa Temple, head right, or to the east, through the temple parking lot. Head up a dirt trail for two hundred metres, until you come to Cheongryeonam Hermitage.

You can take a bus or simply take a taxi from the Daegu train station. The ride takes about 50 minutes and costs 25,000 won (one way).

Overall Rating: 3/10

Cheongryeonam Hermitage is beautifully situated on the southern foot of Mt. Choijeongsan among the twisted red pines. There are only a couple shrine halls to enjoy at Cheongryeonam Hermitage, but the Samseong-gak Hall is definitely the highlight both with its interior wall murals and the paintings of the three shaman deities that hang on the main altar. Another beautiful feature at Cheongryeonam Hermitage is the uniquely named, and designed, Sammun Gate. And in combination with Namjijangsa Temple, a visit to Cheongryeonam Hermitage makes for a beautiful little day trip out into the more rural parts of Daegu.

The trail leading up to Cheongryeonam Hermitage. The Sammun Gate at the entry of the hermitage. The L-shaped main hall and dorms at Cheongryeonam Hermitage. The garden and storage area at the hermitage. A look up through the dense brush at the Samseong-gak Hall, if you can find it. Beautiful hydrangeas at Cheongryeonam Hermitage. The Samseong-gak Hall. With this painting of Sanshin (The Mountain Spirit) inside it. There is also this beautiful painting of Dokseong (The Lonely Saint) inside, as well. A look at the older Shinjung Taenghwa (Guardian Mural) inside the Samseong-gak Hall. And a decorative blue dragon adorning the beam of the Samseong-gak Hall. —

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Here is a FREE Guess Who Powerpoint by Twinkl. The link is in the video description.

YouTube Channel: Etacude—

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Korean calligraphy is an ancient and exquisite art form of writing, originating from Chinese calligraphy, and has become a cherished Korean art form over time. This traditional art form is highly appreciated and people enjoy looking at calligraphic art pieces as well as creating them even today.

Calligraphy in Korea, in all its forms, has a long and interesting history, and you can read all about it in this article!

What is Korean calligraphy called?

Calligraphy in Korean is called 서예 (seoye). Hangeul calligraphy, contrary to Chinese has a simple but strong beauty. However, in its original form, Chinese characters were used. Since then Korean or Hangeul calligraphy has evolved into using Hangeul letters as well.

Vocabulary on Korean calligraphy

To talk about Korean calligraphy, you may want to also memorize the below list of words related to the topic.

KoreanEnglish 서예 (seoye)calligraphy 미술 (misul),
예술 (yesul)
art 전통 예술 (jeontong yesul)traditional art 한자 (Hanja)Hanja 한글 (Hangeul)Hangeul 선물 (seonmul)gift 그림 (geurim)
painting 그림 그리다 (geurim geurida)to paint 그리다 (geurida)to paint, sketch, draw 예술가 (yesulga),
미술가 (misulga),
화가 (hwaga)artist 존경 (jongyeong)respect 성격을 표출하다 (seonggyeokeul pyochulhada)expressing personality 훈육 (hunyuk)discipline 정신을 연마하다 (jeongsineul yeonmahada)training one's mind 문방사우 (munbangsau)four basic calligraphic tools 한지 (hanji)traditional paper 붓 (but)brush 만년필 (mannyeonpil)ink stick 벼루 (byeoru)ink stone Do Koreans use calligraphy?

Yes, Koreans view calligraphy as a highly regarded form of art and highly technical art of writing which is part of the Korean tradition. Moreover, in Asian cultures, creating calligraphy is seen as an act of discipline, as something one does to train their mind, and is much more than just a technical exercise.

Therefore, giving someone a piece of calligraphy created by someone as a gift is seen as a respectable act. In fact, it can be seen as the gift-giving person regarding and loving the person they are giving the gift to highly.

What is calligraphy used for in Korea?

Western calligraphy focuses on writing down the letters clearly and places high regard on its aesthetic beauty. On the other hand, the art form of calligraphy in South Korea and other Asian countries isn’t. Here is what calligraphy is for in Korea.

It can express the artist’s emotions

The goal of Asian calligraphic works is to use the shapes of the letters and characters as a way to express the emotions of the calligrapher. In fact, it can be perceived that Korean calligraphic works reveal the creator’s personality. And as you may have guessed, it takes several years of practicing this art to master this ancient tradition.

It highlights the Korean alphabet

Calligraphy can also be seen as a way to express the beauty that Korean letters and Chinese characters contain in their everyday appearance. Calligraphy is in some ways like the cursive script is in Roman alphabetic languages. However, its application goes deeper than that.

With calligraphic works, the emphasis isn’t only on the characters themselves. A lot of thought goes into each work, not only into how to draw the characters, but also the composition of each dot and line, and even the empty space’s positioning.

It is combined with other forms of art

Historically, Koreans have also used calligraphy in combination with painting. They see both styles of art as a great form of training the mind. Old aristocrats and especially scholars sought to also master their skills in poetry, in addition to calligraphy and painting. They saw these as the perfect trinity of skills to master.

Besides both calligraphy and painting being seen as equally great tools for mastering one’s mental state, they have another thing in common. Both of them have a similar technique and application, and that is another reason why they are common to practice together.

History of Korean calligraphy

Chinese Calligraphy began to be used in Korean society during the period of the Three Kingdoms. That would mean from between 57 BC to 668 AD. Calligraphy in Korean style was developed by ancient Koreans, who were fascinated by Chinese culture. They drew from Chinese styles and made their own style (Korean version) based on them. Few inscribed stone monuments remain to have calligraphic inscriptions that still exist today from this time period.

Korean Calligraphy in the Unified Silla dynasty

During the Unified Silla dynasty’s time, calligraphy continued to flourish in Korea. Some notable calligraphy artists emerged in Korea, named Kim Saing and Choe Chi-won. Both of them took a lot of inspiration from Chinese calligraphers Ouyang Xun and Yu Shinan, and their Tang dynasty culture-inspired styles. Some works from this time period have been preserved.

The calligraphic squarish style embraced during the Unified Silla Dynasty continued to be used during the period of Koryo. However, just before the end of Koryo, around 1350, a Chinese calligrapher by the name of Zhao Mengfu came up with a new, more rounded, fluent style of Chinese character calligraphy. The Korean calligraphers then took on the Zhao style as well.

Korean Calligraphy in the 16th century

To this day, this style greatly influences Korean calligraphic works. However, in the 16th century, a more vulgar style began gaining more popularity among artists as well. The most prominent calligraphic artist of the Joseon period – so between 1392 and 1910 – was Kim Chong Hui. He was the creator of a popular style of calligraphy, called ch’usa. This, too, derived from Chinese calligraphic styles, the Chinese Iishu script to be specific.

However, Kim Chong Hui added a lot of his own personal touches to it. This included the composition of and asymmetry in his works, as well as the forceful strokes of each character and letter. To this day, this is one of the most popular styles used in Korean calligraphy.

Korean Calligraphy using Hangeul and Hanja

On one last note, Hanja (Chinese characters) was used as the official script and for calligraphy. This form of writing was prevalent during this period since in the 2nd or 3rd century, there was no Hangeul yet. This was used all the way until the Japanese occupation in 1910. Only after that, when North Korea and South Korea split, did the native Hangul alphabet become the official writing system and the main way of illustrating calligraphic works. However, using Hanja calligraphy is still popular today.

During the Japanese occupation, Korean calligraphy also began drawing influences from Japanese calligraphy. Modern Korean calligraphy, on the other hand, is a visual art reflecting the Korean culture through Hangeul instead of Hanja.  Many calligraphy enthusiasts enjoy Hangeul Calligraphy for its simple and restrained beauty. It is constantly being developed, with increasingly more attempts to create new fonts and artistic writing styles.

What are the four basic tools used in Korean calligraphy?

In order to create a proper calligraphic piece, each artist must have four integral tools at hand: paper, brush, ink stick, and ink stone. In the Korean language, they are referred to as munbangsawoo (문방사우), which translates as “four friends”. Each item was a typical find in the studies of Korean homes in older times.

Paper

The paper used in calligraphy is required to be traditional hanji paper, aka Korean mulberry paper. This is because it absorbs ink excellently while reflecting the colors vibrantly.

Brush

The brush, on the other hand, must be straight. Its tip should be sharp and made out of animal hairs, with each strand the same length as another.

Ink stick

As for the ink stick, it is made by mixing the soot from burned trees and glue. A good ink stick should also be firm and fine in its composition.

Ink stone

Lastly, the ink stone should also be made from a firm stone and has to be the kind that does not absorb water.

These four tools are the basics someone must have to get started. Several other tools are usually required for a masterpiece to be created such as yeonjeok which is a container for the water used to grind the ink stone; boot tong which is a container that holds brushes; munjin which are long and flat paperweights, and the pilse which is a bowl used to wash the brush.

Can calligraphy be learned in Korea?

Yes! Korea has plenty of areas where calligraphy classes are offered. Learning calligraphy is an activity often enjoyed by foreign embassy members that operate in Korea. Calligraphy competitions are also held yearly.

If you want to experience calligraphic practice in Korea, you can visit Namsan Hanok Village which is located in Chonghak-dong. This area is preserved as an old Korean town. Calligraphy, along with Korean traditional music and poetry classes are offered here. This village is the perfect place to experience the traditional Korean culture.

Have you ever seen works of Korean calligraphy? Or have you ever tried creating any calligraphic or similar visual art form before? Besides calligraphy in Eastern Asia, there are other similar ancient forms of visual art existing all over the world! If you want to try out creating your own Korean calligraphy art, try to look for classes. Even if you are not in Korea, there might be some available right in your home town!

The post Korean calligraphy – The written art in the peninsula appeared first on 90 Day Korean®.

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Silsangsa Temple in Namwon, Jeollabuk-do.

The Silsangsan sect was headquartered out of Silsangsa Temple, or “True Nature Temple” in English, in Namwon in present-day Jeollabuk-do in the northern part of the famed Jirisan National Park. The founding patriarch of the Silsangsan sect was Hongcheok-guksa (fl. 830 A.D.), who built Silsangsa Temple to help spread the teachings of Seon Buddhism. Hongcheok-guksa learned under Zhizang (735-814 A.D.). The sect was first founded in 828 A.D. Hongcheok-guksa was posthumously named Jeunggak. Both Hongcheok-guksa’s stupa and stele can be found to this day on the temple grounds of Silsangsa Temple.

In the early 800’s, Hongcheok traveled to Tang China (618–690, 705–907 A.D.). He did this to help further his Buddhist studies. While there, he studied under the monk Zhizang. Hongcheok-guksa returned to Silla at the beginning of King Heungdeok of Silla’s reign which lasted from 826-836 A.D. Upon his return to Silla, Hongcheok-guksa was able to convert King Heungdeok of Silla and his heir, Seonggang. Silsangsa Temple was later renovated by royal decree around the time of King Heungdeok of Silla’s reign. It was then that the temple became the centre of the Silsangsan sect. Master Hongcheok had numerous disciples including Pyeonnum and Sucheol. Of note, the Silsangsan sect was the first of the Nine Mountain Schools.

The Stele for Buddhist Monk Jeunggak at Silsangsa Temple. The Stupa of Buddhist Monk Jeunggak at Silsangsa Temple —

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Passive verbs are a bit of a tricky topic for Korean. This is because passive voice is not used in the same way as it is in English, and isn't nearly as common in the same ways.

However, the passive voice is commonly used, just in different ways than it is in English. One of the most common ways passive voice is used is for making adjectives (when used directly before a noun). And one more common way that passive voice is used is to express "can" or "can't" as well.

The post Passive Verbs Also Mean “Can” or “Can’t” | Korean FAQ appeared first on Learn Korean with GO! Billy Korean.

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